The demand for coffee in Europe led to the establishment of coffee plantations outside of the Arabian Peninsula. The Dutch were pioneers in this effort, cultivating coffee in their colonies in Java (Indonesia) by the late 17th century. The French introduced coffee to the Caribbean, with Martinique becoming a significant coffee producer.
In the 18th century, coffee cultivation spread to South America, where countries like Brazil and Colombia eventually became major coffee producers. Brazil, in particular, transformed the coffee industry with its vast plantations and became the world’s leading coffee exporter by the 19th century.
